A Chartered Physiotherapist is an expert in the examination of movement and posture. This expertise is informed by having an in depth knowledge of anatomy, biomechanics, pathology and physiology. This enables the physiotherapist to assess and treat many injuries and diseases of the musculoskeletal system, ie muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints. Treatment is by mobilisation of joints and soft tissues using "hands on" techniques and electrotherapy, plus rehabilitative advice and guidance on posture and exercise.   Horses and dogs are the most commonly treated animals, however almost any animal can be referred for assessment and treatment. Animals, like humans suffer from injuries and the results of disease. The treatment is similar to that practiced on humans, the main aims being to :   Reduce pain Reduce swelling Reduce muscle spasm Encourage healing Improve range of movement Prevent secondary complications Enhance and/or maintain function   The following are examples of conditions that can benefit from appropriate physiotherapy:   Back pain in the horse following an ill fitting saddle Tendon or ligament strain of the forelimb in racing animals Muscle atrophy (wastage) Nerve damage Open wounds Post orthopaedic surgery cases Arthritic stiffness   Physiotherapy is not a substitute for veterinary treatment but is an adjunct to it, some conditions need purely veterinary attention and others physiotherapy, but most musculoskeletal injuries need both, this is why a good working relationship between vet and physiotherapist is essential in order to achieve the optimal treatment outcome.   In most cases physiotherapy does not cure, but instead enhances the bodys' ability to heal itself, hence early referral is essential.